NIST Policy on Metrological Traceability

NIST Policy on Metrological Traceability

Many specialty engineering requirements like reliability fall into this pattern. The one-to-one pattern breaks down commonly for the requirements that are also the most complex and for which developing values is the most difficult. Part of this work can be accomplished by simply establishing the traceability between the requirements at the two levels as discussed above.

Companies, developing mechatronic products, need to provide customers with innovative and powerful features. One of the challenges these companies face today, is to handle the increasing complexity1 of products which intensifies with every added function. Embedding and integrating functionalities from different disciplines is a major source of innovation [2] and an important factor in today’s market competition but also drives system complexity and hence complexity within system development. Further aspects with comparable impact are the reduction of hardware prototypes and the rising degree of modularisation. Coping with missing hardware prototypes requires more sophisticated, holistic system simulations that often depend on models or data that can be wide spread across the company, suppliers or customers. The rising degree of modularisation can on the one hand reduce the number of specific solutions to similar problems but on the other hand challenges development with more complex interfaces since modules need to be applicable to different contexts.

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The important factor is to provide a level of traceability that is adequate for the circumstance. The traditional view of software development shows each phase flowing into the next, perhaps with feedback to earlier phases, and a surrounding framework of configuration management and process (e.g., Agile, RUP). However, the reality is that, while each individual phase may be conducted efficiently, the links between development tiers become increasingly poorly maintained over the duration of projects. As a basis for all validation and verification tasks all high-quality software must start with a definition of requirements. This means that each high-level software requirement must map to a lower level requirement, design, and implementation. The objective is to ensure that the complete system has been implemented as defined and that there is no surplus code.

It’s best to keep in mind that thorough testing leads to the best products, so you’ll need to compile as many requirements for your project as possible. Forward traceability follows the requirement of a project from start to finish. This means following the basic steps of an RTM document, going from requirements to test cases and project status. As mentioned above, you’ll be doing a lot of tests to verify the viability of your software projects. In order to ensure that you’ve tested every variable correctly, you need to use a RTM. These documents increase productivity by reducing team errors and gathering all essential data in one place.

Traceability

However, it differs in its explicit metamodeling of the traceability mechanism and the change management elements. These are represented by the metaclasses TraceRules, Change, Warning and Error (see Fig. 3). Briand, Labiche horizontal traceability & Yuea (2009) focus on changes between two versions of a UML model (vertical traces only) and analyze the impact of those changes using formally defined impact analysis rules (written in Object Constraint Language).

The industrial application of the approach would allow experiments to be organized within industry, offering an opportunity for further validation. The idea is to conduct controlled experiments in software companies to measure the value-added of this traceability approach for software development teams. As NDT is being used in several companies, we are confident of their experience and collaboration.

Horizontal Traceability

A policy document announcing the move said it would also allow the production of wines with a „naturally lower” level of alcohol. The change is part of a wider package of measures designed to boost British winemaking in the wake of the UK’s exit from the EU. It means low and alcohol-free versions have to be sold as a „wine-based drink”, or a similar product name.

It may also be necessary, however, to link up to the structured analysis processes used to identify performance requirements and constraints. This is not so easy because it requires that you also have a database system for each one of these structured processes. Given that you have them, you can establish links between these databases and the requirements database. Another kind of traceability can also be used to stimulate integrating results. This was pointed out to the author by an engineer at Puget Sound Naval Base in Bremerton, WA while he was a student in a requirements analysis course the author taught at his facility.

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As mentioned in “Applying the MDE-Based Traceability Approach”, however, it can also be applied in other model-driven approaches like UML-based Web Engineering (UWE) (Koch & Kozuruba, 2012), MockupDD (Rivero & Rossi, 2013) and Web Modeling Language (WebML) (Brambilla & Fraternali, 2014). Each context model consists of a set of traceable elements, while a tracing model is the set of trace links. ContextModel is therefore specified as a composite of TraceableElement(s), and TracingModel as a composite of TraceLink(s) and TraceRule(s). The proposed metamodel is similar to several existing metamodels mentioned in the Related Work section.

However, it must reflect business processes and information flows, and information flows have to be typed by corresponding concepts in the concept model (graph G2 in Fig. 6.2), which is used in parallel with business process model. A concept model is a variation of well-known entity relationship (ER) diagram notation [40] and consists of concepts (i.e. entities or objects) and their attributes. The original notational conventions proposed by the two-hemisphere model give a possibility to address concepts in concept model to information flows in a process model, thus making two models co-related [4]. A common objection among software engineers to the use of any kind of functional analysis especially where the dynamic modeling precedes the static modeling is that there will be a tendency to develop alternative solutions to common problems rather than taking advantage of software reuse.

Introduction to traceability

Belanger et al. [2] provide an overview of the early development of the concept of metrological traceability at NIST. The longstanding commitment of NIST to traceability as a foundation stone in the reliability and overall quality of measurement is amply illustrated in numerous contributions to different areas of measurement, including [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], and [8], among others. NIST maintains a policy on metrological traceability and supplements it with informal clarifications, supporting materials, and answers to questions that NIST staff and customers of NIST measurement services ask frequently. An RTM can also be thought of as a process of documenting the connection and relationships between the initial requirements of the project and the final product or service produced. Extended definition 1) in particular seems to be a fair attempt at avoiding the recursion while still providing a non-trivial definition. Extended definition 2) pre-supposes uniquely identifiable entities which, in the context of food products, is beyond definition and into implementation of traceability.

Extended definition 3) is in contrast with common usage of the term “verify” as pertaining to attributes of food products; see discussion on this in Section 4. The EU General Food Law (EU, 2002) defines traceability as “The ability to trace and follow a food, feed, food-producing animal or substance intended to be, or expected to be incorporated into a food or feed, through all stages of production, processing and distribution”. This definition is often referred to in scientific articles, and it is quite detailed with respect to what should be traced and followed, and where. It is, however, less detailed when it comes to describing what type of properties are relevant or how the traceability might be implemented. Also, substituting the “trace” phrase used in other definitions with “trace and follow” does not solve the recursion problem.

Phrases Containing trace

The study proves evidence that a high diversity of specialised development tools exists in all six interviewed German automobile companies. The quality management system of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is generally called the ISO 9000 series or ISO 9000 family and ISO 9001 is the most important standard in this family. A quality management system (QMS) is defined as „part of a management system intended to lead and manage an organization regarding quality.” Note that we have discussed here the allocation of functions to architecture. Back in Section 2.3, we said there were two alternatives to functional allocation. Alternatively, we said that it would be desirable on early studies for unprecedented systems to be able to allocate complete performance requirements instead of functions.

• Griffin et al. (2014a,b) explain that the law obligates reporting entities to provide a disclosure statement annually.
• The trace links connect the system requirements to the system use case and to their stakeholder requirement counterparts.
• The Codex Alimentarius Commission Procedural Manual (FAO/WHO, 1997) defines traceability as “the ability to follow the movement of a food through specified stage(s) of production, processing and distribution”.
• The first time a patient attends a clinic, a set of standardized data corresponding to that patient’s clinical history is collected.
• Another future work is to decouple the rules from the tool code in such a way that the TraceRules can be defined and interpreted by NDT “on the fly”, without the need to modify the code.
• ► In scientific articles, the most frequently used definitions are found in the EU General Food Law and in ISO 8402.
• Moreover, the problem on generation of program code has been continuously investigating in the last decade, where the results are published in [48] and [49].